Bio 112
HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II

JOURNAL QUESTIONS

UNIT TWO

Chapter 17
The Blood

Which Blood Type Are You?
  1. What are the components of blood?
  2. What is the hematocrit? What are considered normal values for the hematocrit?
  3. List the physical characteristics of blood and blood volume.
  4. Describe the distribution, regulatory and protective functions of the blood.
  5. Describe the composition of blood plasma.
  6. What are the plasma proteins? Briefly describe each one. Which protein is the most abundant?
  7. What are the formed elements of blood? What makes them unusual?
  8. Describe the structural characteristics of erythrocyte. What is hemoglobin (Hb)? What is spectrin? How is an erythrocyte an example of the complexity of structure and function? (3 ways)
  9. What is blood viscosity? What is the major factor contributing to blood viscosity?
  10. What is the function of the erythrocyte? How is Hb able to accomplish these functions? Define the terms globin, heme, oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin and carbaminohemoglobin.
  11. Interactive Review of Hemoglobin Structure
  12. Sickle Cell Animation
  13. Animation Sickle Cell Morphing
  14. What is hematopoiesis? Where does it occur? Why is the hemocytoblast important?
  15. What is erthyropoiesis? Why is controlling the number of erythrocytes important? How is the number of red blood cells controlled?
  16. What is erythropoietin (EPO), where is it produced and what triggers its formation? Hoe does EPO increase red blood cell production?
  17. What 3 conditions can cause hypoxia?
  18. How do athletes abuse EPO?
  19. What substances are required in the diet to make RBC’s? Define ferritin, hemosiderin and transferrrin. Why is each important?
  20. Describe the lifespan, fate and destruction of erythrocytes.
  21. Animation of RBC Destruction
  22. What is anemia? What are its symptoms? What are its causes and types?
  23. Define polycythemia. What is blood doping?
  24. Describe the structural and functional characteristics of leukocytes. Include diapedesis, amoeboid movement, and positive chemotaxis.
  25. Animation Amoeboid Movement and Positive Chemotaxis
  26. Order the leukocytes from least to most numerous.
  27. Which WBC’s are granulocytes? Describe them.
  28. Describe neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. What are their functions?
  29. Which WBC’s are agranulocytes? Describe them.
  30. Describe lymphocytes and monocytes. What are their functions?
  31. Mnemonic to learn names and functions of white blood cells at: http://www.histology-world.com/mnemonics/mnemonics.htm
  32. Review Quiz Blood Cells at http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dropdrag/leukocyte.htm and http://academic.pg.cc.md.us/~aimholtz/AandP/AandPLinks/ANPlinks.html
  33. Describe leucopoiesis. What hormones stimulate leucopoiesis? Use Table 16.2 and give the lifespan for each leukocyte.
  34. Define leukopenia. What is leukemia? How do acute and chronic leukemia differ? Define infectious mononucleosis.
  35. What are platelets? Describe their structure, function and production.
  36. Define hemostasis. What are the three main steps?
  37. What are vascular spasms and what is their value?
  38. Animation of Hemostasis
  39. Outline the steps of platelet plug formation. Include serotonin, ADP and Thrombaxane A2. Why is PGI2 (prostacyclin) important?
  40. What is coagulation? What are the 3 critical last phases? Why are procoagulants, Vitamin K and anticoagulants important?
  41. What are the two pathways to prothrombin activator? Briefly describe them. Why is PF3 important?
  42. What are the common pathways to thrombin and to the fibrin mesh?
  43. What are clot retraction and repair?
  44. What are fibrinolysis, plasmin, plasminogen, and tPA?
  45. What two factors prevent clots from becoming too large? What are antithrombin III, protein C and heparin?
  46. Describe the two thromboembolytic disorders thrombus and embolism. How do aspirin and Warfarin prevent unwanted blood clotting?
  47. Describe hemphilia.
  48. How are the human blood groups (ABO and Rh) determined? (lab)
  49. What is erythroblastosis fetalis? RhoGAM? (lab)

Chapter 18
The Heart

Heart
  1. Give a simple definition of the heart.
  2. Review the location and orientation of the heart done in lab.
  3. What is the pericardium and what is its function? Describe the fibrous and serous pericardium (parietal and visceral layer) and the pericardial cavity.
  4. Describe the three layers of the heart: endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium. Describe the fibrous skeleton.
  5. Review heart anatomy, covered in lab.
  6. Trace a drop of blood thru the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
  7. Animation Systemic and Pulmonary Circuits
  8. Simple Heart Anatomy Review
  9. Briefly describe coronary circulation and its importance.
  10. What is angina pectoris and MI?
  11. Identify the heart valves, their location and function? What determines their opening and closing? What is a heart murmur (pg.601)?
  12. Describe the microscopic anatomy of heart muscle. What is a functional syncytium?
  13. Describe the energy requirements for cardiac muscle.
  14. What two factors contribute to the heart’s independent, but coordinated function?
  15. How are auto-rhythmic cells unusual and why is this important?
  16. Describe the sequence of excitation in the heart’s conduction system.
  17. What are arrhythmias, fibrillation, heart block and ectopic focus?
  18. What are the two cardiac centers and where are they located? Hoe does each center affect the heart’s activity?
  19. Review the ECG (EKG) from lab.
  20. Conduction System Animation
  21. Conduction System Animation
  22. What causes the heart sounds lub-dup?
  23. Define systole, diastole and Cardiac cycle.
  24. Briefly describe the three stages (and I do mean in simple outline form) of the cardiac cycle. What are EDV and ESV? What is the quiescent period?
  25. Animated Review of Cardiac Cycle
  26. Animated Review of Cardiac Cycle
  27. Animated Detailed Review of Cardiac Cycle
  28. Define cardiac output, End Diastolic volume (EDV) and End Systolic Volume (ESV) and Stroke Volume (SV). What is cardiac reserve?
  29. What are the three main factors affecting SV? Which factors affect EDV and which affect ESV?
  30. Describe Starling’s law of the heart. Define preload and how it relates to Starling’s Law. Why is venous return important? How does preload affect SV?
  31. Define contractility and how it affects ESV and SV?
  32. Define after load and why is important.
  33. Describe autonomic regulation of the heart rate. Include vagal tone.
  34. Describe how hormones regulate the heart rate.
  35. How does exercise affect the heart rate? Define Tachycardia and Bradycardia.

Chapter 19
TheBlood Vessels

Artery and vein Structure
  1. Briefly describe the functions of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins.
  2. Describe the structure of blood vessel walls. Also include vasoconstriction vasodilation, vasa vasorum and vasomotor nerves.
  3. What are the three groups of arteries? Describe the structure and function of the elastic (conducting) arteries and muscular (distributing) arteries and arterioles.
  4. Describe the structure and function of capillaries.
  5. Describe continuous, fenestrated and sinusoidal capillaries.
  6. What are capillary beds and microcirculation? What are the two types of vessels in a capillary bed? Define terminal arteriole, metarteriole, thoroughfare channel and postcapillary venule, true capillaries and precapillary sphincter.
  7. Describe the structure and function of venules. Describe the structure and function of veins. What is the importance of lumens in veins?
  8. What is the function of venous valves? What are varicose veins and hemorrhoids? What are venous sinuses?
  9. Animation of Venous Valves
  10. Describe vascular anastomoses? What is their value? Where are they most common? Which organs lack them?
  11. Define: blood flow, Blood pressure (BP), resistance and peripheral resistance (PR),
  12. Explain how blood viscosity, total blood vessel length and blood vessel diameter contribute to overall blood resistance.
  13. Describe the equation that defines blood flow (F). What action causes blood flow? What opposes blood flow?
  14. Using Figure 19.5 between which vessels does the steepest drop in BP occur and why? Why is this pressure gradient important?
  15. What are the two factors that determine arterial BP? Define systolic and diastolic pressures. What is pulse pressure? What is the mean arterial pressure (MAP)? Show how the mean arterial pressure is calculated for a BP of 120/80.
  16. What is the BP in the capillaries at each end? Why is such low pressure desirable in the capillary beds?
  17. What is the pressure gradient in the veins? How does this compare to that of the arteries? Why is the pressure in the veins so low?
  18. Describe the two factors that contribute to venous return.
  19. What are the three main factors that influence blood flow to tissues?
  20. What are the short term controls of BP and what do they control?
  21. What are the two goals of the neural controls of PR? What two reflex arcs are involved in neural control?
  22. Why is the vasomotor center important and where is it located? Describe the cardiovascular center and vasomotor fibers.
  23. What is vasomotor tone? What three factors modify vasomotor activity?
  24. Describe the Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptor initiated reflexes.
  25. How do higher brain centers influence BP?
  26. How do the adrenal medulla hormones affect BP?
  27. What is the long term control of BP and what does it alter? Describe the direct and indirect role of the kidneys in BP control.
  28. What are the vital signs? Review pulse and the auscultatory method from lab.
  29. What is hypotension? What is hypertension? What is primary hypertension and what factors might be involved? What is secondary hypertension and its causes?
  30. What is tissue perfusion and what does it cause?
  31. Define autoregulation? How does metabolic affect autoregulation? Why are NO and endothelins important? What myogenic control?
  32. Describe blood flow thru the capillaries.
  33. Review the definition of diffusion, filtration and absorption. Define Hydrostatic pressure and Osmotic pressure.
  34. Explain capillary exchange using the terms: Blood hydrostatic pressure (HPc ), Intersitial hydrostatic pressure (HPif ), Blood Colloid osmotic pressure (OPc) Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (OPif ) and net filtration pressure (NFP)?
  35. Define circulatory shock? Describe the three types of shock.
  36. Review systemic and pulmonary circulation.
  37. Labeled and Unlabeled Circulatory Tree
  38. Fetal Circulation
    Fetal Circulation

Chapter 20
The Lymphatic System

Immune System
  1. Which two systems need the lymphatic system to function properly?
  2. What are the two parts of the lymphatic system and how is each important?
  3. What is the role of the lymphatic vessels? What is lymph? How much interstitial fluid is left in the tissue spaces by the circulatory system?
  4. Which way does lymph flow? Describe the lymph capillaries.
  5. What two structural modifications determine the permeability of the lymph capillaries?
  6. How do the lymph capillaries function?
  7. Describe the lacteals.
  8. Follow the flow of lymph from lymphatic capillaries back to the venous circulation of blood. What is the Cisterna chyli?
  9. What are the lymphoid cells? Describe each.
  10. What is lymphoid tissue and why is it important?
  11. Describe diffuse lymphatic tissue, lymphatic follicles (nodules) and germinal centers.
  12. List the lymphoid organs. Which is the principle one?
  13. Briefly describe lymph nodes and their functions.
  14. What are the functions of the spleen?
  15. What is red and white pulp?
  16. What is the function of the thymus?
  17. Where are the three sets of tonsils? What is their function?
  18. Describe Peyer’s patches and their function.