Chapter 24
1. Review Urinary System anatomy from lab.
2. Nephron Review
3. Animated Review Internal Anatomy of Kidney
4. Review Cross Section of Kidney
5. What are the functions of the kidneys?
6. Describe the nephron. What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus? What are JG cells? What is the macula densa?
7. Describe the filtration membrane and its three layers; include the functions of each layer.
8. How much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute? How much is plasma? How much filtrate? How is filtrate different from urine? How much fluid is processed per day by the kidney? How much becomes urine?
9. What are the three processes that are involved in urine formation?
10. Describe glomerular filtration. Why is the glomerulus a more efficient filter than other capillary beds? Which molecules pass freely and which do not?
11. Describe the origin of net filtration pressure (NFP).) Define and give values for glomerular filtration rate (GFR), Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (HPG), Glomerular Osmotic Pressure (OPG) and Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (HPC)
12. Why is it important to regulate glomerular filtration? What three mechanisms hold GFR relatively constant?
13. Describe the two mechanisms of autoregulation:Myogenic and Tubuloglomerular feedback.
14. Describe extrinsic control of GFR by the sympathetic nervous system.
15. Describe extrinsic control of GFR by the renin-angiotensin mechanism. What factors trigger renin? What is the main function of this mechanism?
16. What is tubular reabsorption? What three membranes act as barriers? What is the paracellular pathway?
17. Describe sodium reabsorption; primary active transport.
18. Describe the passive transport of water and some ions. Define obligatory water reabsorption.
19. What substances are moved by the secondary active transport?
20. What substances are not reabsorbed and why?
21. Describe the reabsorptive capabilities of the PCT. How is water reabsorption unique in the Loop of Henle? What controls reabsorption in the DCT and collecting duct.
22. What is the role of ADH? What is facultative water reabsorption?
23. Define tubular secretion; why is it important (4 reasons)? What substances are typically secreted?
24. Define diuretics. What are some common ones and what do they do?
25. What is renal clearance adn how is it clinically important?
26. Describe the physical characteristics and chemical composition of urine.
27. What are renal calculi?
28. Define micturition and the neural circuits that control it. Define incontinence and urinary retention.
29. Urinary System and Related Structures Review

Chapter 26
The Reproductive System

1. Review the anatomy of the male reproductive system from lab.
2. Review Activity Male Reproductive System
3. Review the path of the sperm from seminiferous tubules to urethra.
4. Name and give the function of the three exocrine glands of the male reproductive system.
5. What is the composition of semen?
6. Describe the two phases of the male sexual response and their controls.
7. Briefly review spermatogenesis. What is spermiogenesis?
8. Describe a mature sperm.
9. What is the role of the sustenacular cells?
10. What is the brain testicular axis and how is spermatogenesis and androgen production regulated?
11. What is the role of testosterone?
12. What are male secondary sex characteristics?
13. Review the anatomy of the female reproductive system.
14. Review Activity Female Reproductive System
15. Review Activity Female Reproductive System
16. What is oogenesis?
17. Describe the three phases of the ovarian cycle.
18. How is the cycle regulated?
19. What are the three phases of the uterine cycle? Describe each.
20. Menstrual Cycle Animation
21. What are the extrauterine effects of estrogen and progesterone?
22. Describe menopause.
23. Describe the phases of the female sexual response.