Bio 112
HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II

JOURNAL QUESTIONS

UNIT ONE

Chapter 16
The Endocrine System

Endocrine Glands

Can You Name
These Organs?

  1. How does endocrine system control differ from nervous system control?
  2. Review how endocrine glands are different from exocrine glands. What is a neuroendocrine gland and give examples?
  3. Name and locate each endocrine gland. Be familiar with the histology of each gland. (lab)
  4. Name 4 organs that secrete hormones but are not exclusively endocrine glands.
  5. Define hormone. List the three major classes of hormones and give examples of each one.
  6. What are the major factors that determine how a hormone communicates with its target cell?
  7. Define target cell. Describe the 5 ways a hormone may work to alter their target cells activities.
  8. Which signaling effect is used by almost all amino acid based hormones?
  9. Briefly outline the steps of the second messenger system called the Cyclic AMP Signaling Mechanism. Include these terms: first messenger, G protein, GTP, adenylate cyclase, second messenger, cyclic AMP and protein kinases.
  10. G Protein Animation
    G Protein Animation
  11. Explain the concept of amplification. Why is phosphodiesterase important?
  12. Which hormone uses the PIP - Calcium Signal Mechanism second messenger system? Briefly outline the steps of this second messenger system. Include these terms: G-protein, phospholipase, PIP2, DAG (diacylglycerol), IP3, action of calcium, and calmodulin.
  13. PIP-Calcium Signal Mechanism Animation
    PIP-Calcium Signal Mechanism Animation
  14. Briefly outline the direct gene activation process used by steroid hormones.
  15. Animation of Steroid Hormones
    Animation of Steroid Hormones
  16. What is the most important factor in target cell activation? What three other factors are also important to target cell activation?
  17. What are the three types of hormone interaction?
  18. Describe the three types of stimuli that affect endocrine glands. Give an example for each type.
  19. How is the nervous system important in modifying the endocrine system?
  20. Describe the location of the pituitary (hypophysis), its lobes and their functions.
  21. What is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract and why is it important? Where does the track start and what is produced there? Where does the tract end?
  22. Animation of Hormonal Connection of Posterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus
  23. Describe the parts of the hypophyseal portal system. Where is it located and why is this connection important? What is the significance of releasing and inhibiting hormones?
  24. What is a tropic hormone? Give four examples and what gland releases them?
  25. Describe the direct effect of Growth hormone (GH).
  26. Describe the indirect action of Growth hormone (GH) on growth. Include IGF’s.
  27. Explain the direct effects of GH on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. What is the diabetogenic effect?
  28. What controls the secretion of Growth hormone (GH)? What are the effects of hypo and hypersecretion of GH in children? Effects of hypersecretion in adults?
  29. List the other hormones of the Adenohypophysis, their target organs; effects and regulation (See table 15.1, page 532).
  30. Animation of Adenohypophysis Hormones
  31. Where are the two hormones stored by the neurohypophysis? Where are these hormones synthesized? What causes their release from storage?
  32. Describe the target organs, effects and regulation of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH). What the effects of hypo and hypersecretion of ADH? (See table 16.1).
  33. Describe the target organs, effects and regulation of Oxytocin (OT). What the effects of hypo and hypersecretion of OT? (See table 16.1).
  34. Describe the thyroid gland: lobes, isthmus, follicles, thyroglobulin and colloid.
  35. Describe the 5 main effects of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 (Thyroxine). Include the Calorigenic Effect.
  36. Describe the major feedback mechanisms affecting thyroid secretion.
  37. Animation of Feedback System
  38. Describe the four major thyroid disorders and their causes.
  39. Which cells produce Calcitonin (CT)? What are the target organs, effects and regulation for CT?
  40. Where are the parathyroid glands located? Which cells secrete PTH?
  41. What are the target organs, effects and regulation of PTH?
  42. Why is the adrenal gland considered a two endocrine gland? What common function do all adrenal gland hormones have?
  43. List the zones of the adrenal cortex. Which hormones are secreted from each zone?
  44. Describe the general functions of the Mineralocorticoids. Which Mineralocorticoid is most potent? What stresses cause aldosterone’s release? What is aldosterone’s target organ?
  45. Describe how the Renin-Angiotensin mechanism regulates aldosterone secretion.
  46. Describe how the Atrial Natriuretic Peptide regulates aldosterone secretion.
  47. Describe the actions of glucocorticoids. What stressors elevate the levels of glucocorticoids?
  48. How are excessive amounts of glucocorticoids a problem?
  49. Describe Addison’s and Cushing’s diseases and their causes.
  50. List the hormones of adrenal medulla. How are chromaffin cells unusual and what do they secrete? What is the role of these hormones in response to short term stress?
  51. Describe the roles of the pancreatic acinar cells, pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans), alpha cells and beta cells.
  52. List the effects of glucagon. What is the stimulus for its secretion? Why is this called the hyperglycemic hormone?
  53. List the effects of insulin. What are the stimuli for the secretion of insulin? Why is this called the hypoglycemic hormone?
  54. Describe the symptoms of diabetes mellitus: Polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia. What are ketones and what is their significance in diabetes mellitus?
  55. List the hormones produced by the gonads.
  56. What hormone is produced by the pineal gland? What is its main function?
  57. What are the secretions of the thymus gland? What is their function?
  58. Review Quiz Glands and Hormones