1. Define anatomy and physiology. Define inspection, palpation and auscultation.
2. Why is anatomy and physiology considered complementary and give examples? Define gross anatomy, cytology and histology. Name and define two subdivisions of physiology.
3. List in ascending order the levels of hierarchy of complexity. Define and give an example for each level.
4. Describe the eight characteristics of life.
5. Define and describe homeostasis, dynamic equilibrium and set point
6. Define and describe negative feedback. Give examples and describe its importance.
7. Define feedback loop and describe its three basic components.
8. How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback? Give examples of positive feedback.
9. List the twelve organ systems. List each system’s main functions and give 3 representative organs. (Use figure A. 11 pg. 38-39)
10. Atlas A. Atlas A terms will be covered in the lab.

Chapter 3
Cellular Form and Function

1. Describe each of the plasma membrane’s three major functions. Define extracellular and intracellular fluid.
2. Describe the general properties of the plasma (cell) membrane.
3. Describe the location and function of: cholesterol, carbohydrates, glycolipids and glycoproteins, integral and peripheral proteins. What is a glycocalyx?
4. Describe these functions of integral proteins: receptors, second messenger systems, channel proteins, carriers, enzymes, cell identity marker and cell adhesion molecule (CAM).
5. Briefly describe the structure and function of microvilli, cilia (motile) and flagella.
6. Define selectively permeable membrane. Describe the two overlapping classifications of how substances move through this membrane?
7. Describe passive processes, active processes and carrier mediated. List examples of passive and active transport.
8. Describe the filtration process and its occurrence in the body. What is hydrostatic pressure?
9. Is filtration a passive or active process? Explain
10. Describe the process of simple diffusion. Define concentration gradient.
11. Describe the five factors that affect the diffusion rate.
12. List substances that are transported across the cell membranes by simple diffusion through the phospholipids and those through the channel proteins.
13. Describe the process of osmosis. Describe the movement of water through the plasma membrane. Through what membrane structures can water move? Define osmotic pressure.
14. Define tonicity. Describe hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions, Define crenation and lysis.
15. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, a patient who has had a serious hemorrhage receives a large transfusion of distilled water. Using your knowledge from question # 16 explain what happens to the red blood cells of this patient. (A picture might be helpful)
16. How is carrier mediated transport unique from the other transport mechanisms? Describe the process of carrier mediated transport and the two properties carriers’ exhibit? Define transport maximum.
17. List the three mechanisms of carrier mediated transport.
18. Describe the process of facilitated diffusion. Is this a passive or active process? Give a substance moved by facilitated diffusion.
19. Describe the process of primary active transport and its energy source. Briefly describe the action of the Na+ - K+ pump or Na-K ATPase. How many of each ion is moved and in which direction ?
20. Why would the Na-K pump, but not osmosis, cease to function after a cell dies?
21. Briefly describe secondary active transport.
22. Describe what is moved by vesicular transport. Define vesicle.
23. Define and describe endocytosis and decide if it is an active or passive process.
24. List and describe the three types of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis and include the types of substances transported by each type.
25. Define and describe the process of exocytosis. List substances transported by exocytosis.
26. Decide if each cell in the following cases is carrying on phagocytosis, pinocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis: Explain your reasoning: a) A type of white cell squeezes through the capillary wall and engulfs any bacteria found in the body tissues. b) A cell has had a very very stressful day and decides it needs a very stiff drink so it gulps up a nice gin and tonic. c) A family has a history of very high cholesterol in their blood no matter how well they eat or what prescription drugs they take. Why is the cholesterol not being removed from the blood and entering the body cells?

Chapter 5
Histology

1. Define tissue and list the four major types of tissues. List 3 ways the basic tissues differ.
2. List the components of the matrix. How can ground substance differ in different tissues? Name the embryonic tissue gives rise to blood and muscle?
3. Describe the properties that distinguish epithelial tissue from other tissues.
4. Describe the seven functions of epithelial tissue.
5. Describe the matrix, blood supply, rate of mitosis of epithelial tissue and which tissue is usually under it.
6. Describe the structure, location of the basement membrane and its importance. What is the apical and basal layer?
7. List and briefly describe the two broad categories of epithelial tissue?
8. Briefly describe the microscopic appearance and the functions of simple squamous and simple cuboidal epithelial tissue. Give representative locations for each. (See Table 5.2)
9. Briefly describe the microscopic appearance and the functions of non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium. Where are they found in the digestive tract? (See Table 5.2) Describe a goblet cell.
10. Briefly describe the microscopic appearance and the functions of ciliated simple columnar epithelium. Where are they found in the reproductive tract? (See Table 5.2)
11. Briefly describe the appearance, function and location of pseudostratified epithelium. (See Table 5.2)
12. Describe the appearance,, function and location of stratified squamous (keratinized and non-keratinized) and transitional epithelia. (See Table 5.3)
13. Define gland. Differentiate between secretion and excretion. Which tissue are glands mostly composed of? vWhat are the two broad classifications of glands? Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands. List 3 examples of each type.
14. Describe the secretions of following exocrine glands: serous, mucous and goblet.
15. Describe the two modes of secretions by exocrine glands: merocrine and holocrine. Give the traditional and the now more widely accepted name for the mode of secretion by mammary and axillary glands.
16. Describe the eight properties most connective tissues have in common.
17. List eight main functions of connective tissue.
18. Name the embryonic tissue that forms all the connective tissues. List the four broad categories of connective tissue. Which of these is the most diverse?
19. Briefly describe the six cell types found in connective tissues.
20. Describe the three basic fibers found in fibrous connective tissue, each one’s major function and location.
21. Define ground substance and briefly how it can vary.
22. Contrast the two broad categories of fibrous connective tissue: loose connective and dense connective. List the two subclasses for each type.
23. Describe the appearance, function, and location of aerolar, reticular, dense regular and irregular connective tissue. (Use Tables 5.4 and 5.5)
24. Define adipocytes. List the functions and locations of adipose. (Use Table 5.6)
25. Define chondroblasts, chondrocytes and lacunae.
26. Describe the location, function and appearance of hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage and elastic cartilage.
27. Define cellular junctions and explain their importance. Describe the three types of intracellular junctions, their function and at least one location for each.
28. Describe the two principle type of internal membranes; mucous and serous. What two basic tissue types make up these membranes? Describe the function and location of mucous and serous membranes. Distinguish the synovial membrane from the other types of membranes.
29. List the basic characteristics of muscle tissue.
30. Describe briefly the appearance and location of the three types of muscle tissue.

Chapter 6:
Integumentary System

1. List the layers of the skin and the tissue types found in each layer. Where is the hypodermis located?
2. List the layers of the skin and the tissue types found in each layer. Where is the hypodermis located?
3. Describe the six functions of the skin.
4. Briefly give an overall description of the epidermis.
5. Describe and give the location and functions of the five cell types of the epidermis; stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, Tactile (Merkel’s) cells, Dendritic cells (Langerhans).
6. Describe the five zones or strata of the epidermis going from deep to superficial. Distinguish between thick and thin skin.
7. Briefly give an overall description and list the structures of the dermis.
8. Describe the sensory receptors of the dermis; Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian (Lamellae) corpuscles and free nerve endings. (See Table 16. 1 pg. 587)
9. Describe the dermal papillae and epidermal ridges, their significance and location.
10. Describe the location and tissue of the papillary and reticular layer of the dermis. Define striae.
11. Describe the types of tissue and functions of the hypodermis or subcutaneous layer.
12. Describe melanin and its color range. Describe how melanin and melanocytes account for differences in skin tone.
13. Explain how UV exposure affects skin color.
14. Describe the other factors in skin color; hemoglobin and carotene.
15. Describe albinism and cyanosis and how each affects skin color.
16. List the accessory organs of the skin and where they are found.
17. Define hair and where it is not found on humans. Define hair, hair shaft, hair root, hair follicle, bulb and hair matrix.
18. Describe the piloarrector or arrector pili muscle and its function.
19. For the two types of sudoriferous or sweat glands, apocrine and merocrine, describe their locations, functions, how their secretion differs and when they become functional.
20. Describe sebaceous or oil glands and where they are located. What is sebum and what is its function?
21. Describe the two specialized sudoriferous glands; ceruminous and mammary.
22. Describe the appearance, occurrence, location, and likelihood of metastasis of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. Explain the A, B, C, D rule.