HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
JOURNAL QUESTIONS
Chapter 9
Muscular System
- List the five functions accomplished by muscle contraction.
- List the three types of muscle.
- Describe why a skeletal muscle is an organ.
- Define fasciae, tendon and aponeurosis.
- Define the organization of a skeletal muscle: epimysium, perimysium, fascicle and endomysium.
- Describe a skeletal muscle fiber and how it differs structurally from a typical cell?
- Define sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, myofibrils, myofilaments (actin and myosin) and sarcomere.
- Define I bands, H zone, Z line, M line, A bands and titin.
- Define the location and roles of myosin cross bridges (heads), troponin and tropomyosin.
- Describe the location and function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, transverse tubules, cisternae and triad.
- Define neuromuscular junction, synapse, neurotransmitter, motor neuron, motor end plate and motor unit.
- Describe the stimulus for skeletal muscle contraction.
- Describe the role of Ca+2 in muscle contraction.
- Describe the sliding filament model.
- Describe the major events of a skeletal muscle contraction-relaxation cycle. (Use Table 9.1 on page 294).
- Describe the role of creatine phosphate in muscle contraction.
- Describe the role of myoglobin in muscle contraction.
- Define simply aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
- Describe oxygen debt and lactic acid accumulation. What is the role of the liver in removing the lactic acid buildup?
- Define muscle fatigue and its causes.
- Describe the value of the heat produced during muscle contraction.
- Define threshold stimulus.
- Define muscle twitch.
- Define the segments of a muscle twitch: latent period, contraction and relaxation.
- Define recruitment, summation, tetanus and muscle tone.
- Distinguish between isotonic and isometric contractions.
- Describe two features of smooth muscle that allows it to respond as a single unit.
- Define peristalsis and where it occurs.
- List the organs where smooth muscle is found.
- Describe smooth muscle contraction and how it differs from skeletal muscle contraction.
- Describe cardiac muscle cells and how they differ from skeletal and smooth muscle cells.
- Describe cardiac muscle contraction and how it differs from skeletal and smooth muscle contraction.
- Contrast and compare these features of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle. (See table 9.2)
a) Structure
b) Location
c) Major function
d) Mode of control
e) Role of Ca+2
f) Contraction characteristics